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By: Chad Ellsworth
在 EB-5 区域中心项目到期日 2017 年12月8日前夕,美国国会再次为该项目签发了一份短期延期授权,此次授权现定于2017年12月22日到期. 在经历一系列临时性期限延长以及经过国会以及美国移民局内部针对EB-5项目变更问题开展的实质性谈判之后,潜在投资者越发担心和不确定EB-5移民签证方案。鉴于各项提案的动态变化,投资者试图预测并/或预料结果(包括美国移民局对新条例进行说明的最终政策或规定)也是很难的事情.
尤其是对于中国大陆投资者而言,近期施行的短期延期以及不断提出的立法和监管议案引发极大的不确定性,实际上,EB-5类签证的优先日期积案太多,导致该计划对于众多中国大陆投资者而言变得不切实际. 因此,对于目前经历排期倒退的中国投资者而言,国会有望通过立法(包括针对位于新指定目标就业区(TEA)的项目投资者的签证预留)已成为一个潜在的利好消息,而这导致EB-5签证申请者群体陷入误传消息的漩涡中.
EB-5规定现状
根据现行规定,美国立法每财年分配10,000个EB-5移民签证配额,其中3,000个名额是为来自全球的EB-5投资者的区域中心项目预留. 给予任何国家的签证配额不得超过每年全球签证总数的 7%. 一旦达到10,000个EB-5移民签证的年度配额,来自超额申请国家的投资者便需要等待,直至未来某一财年获得签证名额为止. 近几年里,中国大陆投资者提交的申请书占EB-5签证申请绝大部分,目前,中国大陆仍是唯一一个需要EB-5签证排期的国家。虽然美国国务院报告称, 中国公民申请领馆流程或者身份调整前需要面临三年排期,但事实上,鉴于积压的大量申请,实际的等待时间可能是7 至10 年. 因此,对于中国大陆投资者而言,预留签证这一可能性无疑是个利好消息. 然后,并不是所有的投资者均会受益于这方面可能发生的变化.
Leahy 和Grassley提案
目前,我们了解到,参议员 Cornyn 等关键参议员正牵头开展EB-5计划改革和修订工作,然而,他们只审查关键立法原则,并且尚未签发任何法案草案. 参议员Leahy和Grassley此前曾提出《2017年美国就业创造及投资促进改革法案, 该法案让我们可以一窥与城乡优先项目签证预留相关的一项提案。具体而言,参议员 Leahy和Grassley 提出的提案草案将在下一财年为乡村项目投资者预留7.5%的签证配额,为优先城市投资区预留 7.5% 的签证配额;在后续年度,该等比例将分别上升至15%. 他们提出的草案将统一国土安全部内部的目标就业区指定流程,将其移除出目前裁定该流程的州级机构的职权范围. 虽然我们了解到,国会讨论的范围已经延伸到 Leahy/Grassley 提案之外,但在目前和未来的立法提案期间, 这些概念可能会有启发性.
再者,虽然 Leahy/Grassley EB-5改革草案拟议的变动将缓解投资合格项目的中国投资者面临的签证排期问题,但须指出的是, 与一切立法一样,该草案并不会让新概念/定义、现实中签证预留实施工作对已经提交I-526申请的投资者将有何影响以及预留配额究竟是否可以追溯性地适用于等待的申请等变得明朗。新法案(包括Leahy/Grassley提案草案)极有可能纳入在新条例生效前都会施行的一段延缓期。在延缓期期间,执行该法律(包括释义说明)的美国移民局政策和/或规定将成为了解新制度下哪些项目和/或投资者可能会获青睐的关键所在. 如上文指出的,对于中国大陆投资者而言,试图预测美国移民局有望在这方面实施的政策或规定可能是件冒险的事情,鉴于在这个瞬息万变的监管环境,我们强烈建议投资者聘请有能力胜任的EB-5法律顾问来“领航”.
I-526 申请中的投资者和考虑EB-5移民签证的投资者均关心EB-5计划变更会对签证申请有何影响,这没错. 对于申请待裁决的投资者而言,首要担心的问题是他们是否可以获得签证预留名额。如果可以,仍存在与待决申请人如何有资格受益于未来签证预留相关的其他问题. 在现行计划下,优先日期保留对于EB-5类签证仍不可行,尚不清楚这是否会发生变化. 除区域中心关停的情况外, Grassley/Leahy草案并未提出与此相关的变动. 因此,如有必要重新提交EB-5申请,这可能会对待决中国大陆申请产生显著影响.
Leahy/Grassley提案草案等法律如获通过,还可能进一步延长投资非乡村/非城市不良项目的中国大陆公民的签证排期等待时间. 由于根据 Leahy/Grassley 提案拟在2018财年和后续年度分别向乡村/城市不良项目分配1,500个签证和3,000个签证配额,因此,即使最终得以实施,非合格项目投资者可获得的签证名额仍将会减少. 为了趁签证预留的机会而被迫重新递交申请的投资者需要留心法案预期的最低投资额很可能会提高、区域就业中心的重新界定、取得再投资所需资金的能力和超龄问题等。
总的来说,对某些迫切等待机会提交不受7-10年排期约束的EB-5签证申请的中国大陆投资者而言,参议院谈判带来了希望. 即使提案获得通过,仍需要进一步明确哪些人可以受益以及如何申请潜在预留签证名额. 然而,在美国移民局参与进来之前,这些方面可能仍无法明朗化. 尤其是对于中国大陆投资者而言试图预测美国移民局与此相关的未来政策或规定可能是件冒险的事情. 投资者在采取行动前应向有资格的移民法律顾问咨询所有上述事项.
欲了解更多信息, 请联系 Chad Ellsworth.
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