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Stolperstein Betriebsstätte

October 12, 2016

Marco Deutsch

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Axel Boysen

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Axel Boysen

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Axel Boysen

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Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany, Germany

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By: Axel Boysen

Im internationalen Geschäft kommt es nicht selten zu ungewollten und teuren Besteuerungseffekten. Häufiger Auslöser ist die Begründung einer ertragsteuerlichen Betriebsstätte im Einsatzland.

Wie Betriebsstätten entstehen

Wenn ein Unternehmen Mitarbeiter in ein anderes Land entsendet, damit diese dort Geschäftstätigkeiten erbringen, kann allein dadurch eine Betriebsstätte entstehen. Dies hängt von der Dauer der Tätigkeit ab, die im Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen zwischen den beiden betroffenen Staaten festgelegt ist. Alle Erträge, die dieser Betriebsstätte zurechenbar sind, sind im Tätigkeitsstaat zu besteuern. Die Verwaltung einer Betriebsstätte ist zudem aufwändig und teuer.

Wie man Betriebsstätten vermeiden kann

Häufig ist es praktisch nicht möglich, die beabsichtigte Geschäftstätigkeit kürzer zu halten als die maßgebliche Frist für die Begründung einer steuerlichen Betriebsstätte. Dann müssen alternative Wege gefunden werden. Wenn in dem Einsatzland ein Unternehmen existiert, das mit dem ausländischen Unternehmen, das dort tätig werden will, konzernrechtlich verbunden ist, gibt es Lösungsansätze. Zum einen können Mitarbeiter der entsendenden Gesellschaft zur aufnehmenden Gesellschaft versetzt werden, um die erforderlichen Arbeiten zu verrichten (Host-Entsendung). Ferner können die Mitarbeiter konzernintern an die Gesellschaft im Einsatzland verliehen werden (grenzüberschreitende Personalgestellung). Bei einer Host-Entsendung wird die aufnehmende Gesellschaft Arbeitgeberin des entsandten Mitarbeiters. Dadurch wird allein ihr dessen Tätigkeit zugerechnet. Das schützt die entsendende Gesellschaft vor der Begründung einer Betriebsstätte im Einsatzland. Bei der Personalgestellung wird die aufnehmende Gesellschaft „nur“ wirtschaftlicher Arbeitgeber des entsandten Mitarbeiters, aber auch dies schützt vor der Begründung einer Betriebsstätte. Voraussetzung ist, dass das Steuerrecht des Einsatzlandes das Konzept des wirtschaftlichen Arbeitgebers anerkennt.

Erforderliche rechtliche Prüfungen

Insbesondere, wenn eine grenzüberschreitende Personalgestellung umgesetzt werden soll, sind ergänzende arbeitsrechtliche und immigrationsrechtliche Prüfungen erforderlich.

Grenzüberschreitende Personalgestellung

Zunächst ist zu prüfen, ob die Überlassung von Arbeitnehmern nach dem Recht des Einsatzlandes arbeitsrechtlich überhaupt zulässig ist. Dies ist nicht immer der Fall. In manchen Staaten ist Arbeitnehmerüberlassung generell untersagt oder in bestimmten Konstellationen erlaubt, beispielsweise nur durch lizensierte Verleihunternehmen. In vielen Ländern ist die Arbeitnehmerüberlassung gesetzlich nicht geregelt. In diesen Fällen muss geprüft werden, ob durch den „Hineinverleih“ von Arbeitnehmern mittelbare Folgerisiken entstehen. Das kann beispielsweise erfolgen, indem ein faktisches Arbeitsverhältnis zum beabsichtigten Entleiher entsteht.

Zu untersuchen ist auch, welcher Immigrationstitel für den Mitarbeitereinsatz erforderlich ist. So kommt es vor, dass das Immigrationsrecht des Einsatzlandes für den „Hineinverleih“ eines Arbeitnehmers die Beantragung einer Arbeitserlaubnis erfordert, die wiederum an die Begründung eines Arbeitsvertrags mit dem Entleiher geknüpft ist. Das wiederspricht aber dem Konzept der Arbeitnehmerüberlassung.

Host-Entsendung

Auch bei Host-Entsendungen lauern Fallstricke. Einige Staaten schützen ihren Arbeitsmarkt dadurch, dass die Ausübung bestimmter Berufe nur den eigenen Staatsbürgern, aber keinen Ausländern, erlaubt ist. Ferner gelten in einigen Ländern Quotenregelungen für ausländische Arbeitnehmer. Die Anzahl in einem Unternehmen beschäftigter Ausländer darf dann im Verhältnis zu den Ortskräften ein bestimmtes Verhältnis nicht übersteigen. Solche Einschränkungen gelten auch für das Entgelt, das ausländischen Arbeitskräften im Vergleich zu Ortskräften gezahlt wird.

Besondere Schwierigkeiten entstehen, wenn Beschränkungen der Devisenausfuhr gelten. Wenn die gesetzlichen Regelungen vorsehen, dass zeitweilig entsandten Ausländern ihr Entgelt in Ortswährung auszuzahlen ist, können Beschränkungen der Devisenausfuhr zu empfindlichen Liquiditätsengpässen führen.

Handlungsempfehlung

Grenzüberschreitende Geschäftsvorfälle bedürfen einer gründlichen Planung, um die Gefahren ungewollter steuerlicher Betriebsstätten zu vermeiden. Gesichtspunkte des Arbeits- und Immigrationsrechts bilden dabei maßgebliche Einflussgrüßen für das gewählte Geschäftsmodell.

Einen ausführlichen Beitrag des Autors zu dem Thema finden Sie unter diesem. 

 

Country / Territory

  • GermanyGermany

Related contacts

axel_boysen

Axel Boysen

Partner

Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany, Germany

Email

[email protected]

T:+49 69 506 029402

Related offices

  • Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany

Share

  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • LinkedIn

Share

  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • LinkedIn

Related contacts

axel_boysen

Axel Boysen

Partner

Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany, Germany

Email

[email protected]

T:+49 69 506 029402

Related offices

  • Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany

Share

  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • LinkedIn

Share

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  • Facebook
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Related contacts

axel_boysen

Axel Boysen

Partner

Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany, Germany

Email

[email protected]

T:+49 69 506 029402

Related offices

  • Fragomen in Frankfurt, Germany

Share

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