The Cautious Giant: EB-5 Lessons from Nigeria

On my recent business trip to Nigeria in mid-August, I had the opportunity to discuss the U.S. EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program with many potential immigrant investors and advisors of high net-worth individuals. Nigeria was a natural destination on my multi-country Africa trip because of the country’s economic prominence on the continent and in the developing world. The country is often referred to as the “Giant of Africa” due to its large population and economy. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. As of 2015, Nigeria boasts the world’s 20^th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity. Nigeria is also considered an emerging market by the World Bank, a regional power on the African continent, a middle power in international affairs, and an emerging global power. Further, in Fiscal Year 2015, Nigeria placed 9^th out of the Top 10 EB-5 Visa Countries.  

While many Nigerians remain interested in the U.S. economic residency program, they are also proceeding with greater caution due to the widespread news in the country that an American businessman, Marco Ramirez, had defrauded Nigerians out of $2.3 million in a recent EB-5 investment scam. Earlier this year, in April 2016, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) of Nigeria arraigned Mr. Ramirez and his companies, Eagle Ford Instalodge Group LP and USA Now LLC, on eight counts for obtaining money by false pretenses. Mr. Ramirez allegedly duped several Nigerians by soliciting them for investment funds and promising them green cards through the EB-5 investment program. However, instead of maintaining the funds in the Regional Center’s escrow account, which is the customary practice for most projects, Mr. Ramirez allegedly took the money and used it for his own benefit. The consensus amongst the Nigerian high net worth advisor community was that the affected immigrant investors failed to retain independent financial advisors and/or seasoned EB-5 immigration counsel prior to investing with Mr. Ramirez and USA Now LLC.  As a result, many Nigerian investors lost their money causing a recent “chilling” effect on the use of the U.S. residency program despite a genuine local interest in immigrating to the United States.

Notably, in 2013, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) had issued a joint press release warning investors about Mr. Ramirez in the context of EB-5 investment. In a 2013 case the SEC brought against Mr. Ramirez and his wife, Bebe Ramirez, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas McAllen Division, the SEC obtained a court order to freeze the assets of their three companies, USA Now LLC, USA Now Energy Capital Group LP, and Now Co. Loan Services. The Ramirezes had allegedly fraudulently obtained $5 million from foreign investors mainly from Mexico, Egypt, and Nigeria by promising to invest the funds in EB-5 investment projects when in reality the Ramirezes took the money and used it for personal gain including funding their Cajun-themed restaurant in Texas.

Look Before You Invest

Seasoned and competent EB-5 immigration attorneys do not hold themselves out to be experts in financial matters related to an EB-5 investment offering. However, they should give some general due diligence guidelines to investors as a best practice when selecting an EB-5 project that can greatly mitigate the risk of fraud, including the following: 

• Solicit a Financial Expert. It is a best practice to obtain an experienced financial advisor to understand the financial offering and potential investment risks. By regulation, the EB-5 project must be an “at risk” investment to qualify for visa issuance.   Immigrant investors need to proceed with caution if anyone promises a guaranteed return of their investment or states that their investment will not be at risk.
• Know the Immigration History. It is important to know the immigration history of the Regional Center project and whether any EB-5 visas, conditional green cards, full validity green cards and/or loan repayments have been successfully issued to investors for the same project or similar past projects.
• Research All Major Players. Investigate all the major stakeholders involved in the EB-5 Regional Center project for their reputation in the industry. The EB-5 Regional Center’s offering documents should list the names of the economists, escrow banks, developers, and other major players who are involved in the project.
• Ask Questions about the Project. It is important to closely scrutinize and analyze the offering documents provided by the Regional Center (e.g., business plan, economic report, escrow and LLC agreements, etc.) and ask questions if greater clarification is needed or to address any ambiguities. Another critical question is to ask what percentage the EB-5 funding is in relation to the project’s overall capital stack. In the event that things do not go as planned, it is essential to know ahead of time if the project has a repayment plan.

• Confirm that the Regional Center has been designated by USCIS
• Obtain copies of project documents provided to USCIS
• Request investment information in writing
• Ask if promoters are being paid
• Seek independent verification
• Examine structural risk
• Consider the developer’s incentives
• Look for warning signs of fraud: 

1. Promises of a visa or becoming a lawful permanent resident
2. Guaranteed investment returns or no investment risk
3. Overly consistent high investment return
4. Unregistered investments
5. Unlicensed sellers
6. Layers of companies run by the same individuals